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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Noether-Theorem</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Noether-Theorem</b> ist ein 1918 von der deutschen <a href="Mathematiker" title="Mathematiker">Mathematikerin</a> <a href="Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a> formulierter <a href="Theorem#Physik" title="Theorem">Lehrsatz</a>, der elementare <a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Physikalische Größe">physikalische Größen</a> wie <a href="Ladung_(Physik)" title="Ladung (Physik)">Ladung</a>, <a href="Energie" title="Energie">Energie</a> und <a href="Impuls" title="Impuls">Impuls</a> mit <a href="Geometrie" title="Geometrie">geometrischen</a> Eigenschaften verknüpft, nämlich der Invarianz (Unveränderlichkeit) der <a href="Wirkung_(Physik)" title="Wirkung (Physik)">Wirkung</a> unter <a href="Symmetrie_(Physik)" title="Symmetrie (Physik)">Symmetrietransformationen</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><i>Zu jeder kontinuierlichen Symmetrie eines physikalischen Systems gehört eine <a href="Erhaltungsgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Erhaltungsgröße">Erhaltungsgröße</a>.</i></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist eine Symmetrie eine <a href="Transformation_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (Mathematik)">Transformation</a> (zum Beispiel eine Drehung oder Verschiebung), die das Verhalten des physikalischen Systems nicht ändert. Es gilt auch die Umkehrung:
</p>
<dl><dd><i>Jede Erhaltungsgröße ist Generator einer Symmetriegruppe.</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele_für_Symmetrien_und_zugehörige_Erhaltungsgrößen"><span id="Beispiele_f.C3.BCr_Symmetrien_und_zugeh.C3.B6rige_Erhaltungsgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fen"></span>Beispiele für Symmetrien und zugehörige Erhaltungsgrößen</h2></div>
<p>Eine Erhaltungsgröße eines Systems von Teilchen ist eine Funktion der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>, der Orte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Geschwindigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> der Teilchen, deren Wert sich auf jeder von ihnen im Laufe der Zeit durchlaufenen Bahn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht ändert. So ist die Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t,x,v)={\tfrac {1}{2}}\,m\,v^{2}+V(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>m</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t,x,v)={\tfrac {1}{2}}\,m\,v^{2}+V(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b4a886798b185570e79f55df4d869684d4a667.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:26.469ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t,x,v)={\tfrac {1}{2}}\,m\,v^{2}+V(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> eines <a href="Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Relativitätstheorie">nichtrelativistischen</a> Teilchens der Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span>, das sich in einem <a href="Potential_(Physik)" title="Potential (Physik)">Potential</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> bewegt, eine Erhaltungsgröße. Das heißt, für jede Bahn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, die der Bewegungsgleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\tfrac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}+\mathrm {grad} \,V(x)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\tfrac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}+\mathrm {grad} \,V(x)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e256fae4e3441271f6cd12b8c6614d3960e55624.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:22.506ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\tfrac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}+\mathrm {grad} \,V(x)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> genügt, gilt zu jeder Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E{\bigl (}t,x(t),{\tfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}(t){\bigr )}=E{\bigl (}0,x(0),{\tfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}(0){\bigr )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
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</mfrac>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
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<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E{\bigl (}t,x(t),{\tfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}(t){\bigr )}=E{\bigl (}0,x(0),{\tfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}(0){\bigr )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26d45016205432a2dd2a14d762a89c9e38689c7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:36.328ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E{\bigl (}t,x(t),{\tfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}(t){\bigr )}=E{\bigl (}0,x(0),{\tfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}(0){\bigr )}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Aus der <a href="Homogenit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogenität (Physik)">Homogenität</a> der Zeit (Wahl der Startzeit spielt keine Rolle) folgt die Erhaltung der Energie (<a href="Energieerhaltungssatz" title="Energieerhaltungssatz">Energieerhaltungssatz</a>). So bleibt die Energie eines Pendels bei Vernachlässigung von Reibung stets gleich, nicht aber die Energie einer Schaukel, auf der ein Kind durch Heben und Senken seines Körpers die Länge von der Aufhängung bis zum Schwerpunkt zeitlich verändert.</li>
<li>Aus der Homogenität des Raums (Wahl des Startortes spielt keine Rolle) ergibt sich die Erhaltung des Impulses (<a href="Impulserhaltungssatz" title="Impulserhaltungssatz">Impulserhaltungssatz</a>). So ist der Impuls eines freien Teilchens konstant, nicht aber der Impuls eines Teilchens im <a href="Gravitationsfeld" title="Gravitationsfeld">Gravitationsfeld</a> der Sonne; ihr Ort ist für die Bewegung des Teilchens wesentlich. Weil sich ein freies Teilchen der Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> unverändert mit gleichförmiger Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> bewegt, wenn es ein gleichförmig bewegter Beobachter betrachtet, ist der gewichtete Startort, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(t,x,v)=m\,(x-t\,v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(t,x,v)=m\,(x-t\,v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e03bf052d55f49f956794362489403941e26b557.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.533ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(t,x,v)=m\,(x-t\,v)}" loading="lazy"></span>, eine Erhaltungsgröße, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(t,x(t),v(t))=m\,x(0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(t,x(t),v(t))=m\,x(0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edb9c3d8ea907acbeb4d8a6ff0382b7080783001.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.799ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(t,x(t),v(t))=m\,x(0)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Auf mehrere Teilchen verallgemeinert folgt, dass sich der <a href="Massenmittelpunkt" title="Massenmittelpunkt">Schwerpunkt</a> mit gleichförmiger Geschwindigkeit bewegt, wenn die Gesamtkraft verschwindet.</li>
<li>Aus der <a href="Isotropie" title="Isotropie">Isotropie</a> des Raums, also der Rotationsinvarianz (Richtung im Raum spielt keine Rolle), ergibt sich die Erhaltung des <a href="Drehimpuls" title="Drehimpuls">Drehimpulses</a> (<a href="Drehimpulserhaltungssatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehimpulserhaltungssatz">Drehimpulserhaltungssatz</a>). So bleibt der Drehimpuls eines Teilchens im Gravitationsfeld der Sonne erhalten, denn das <a href="Gravitationspotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationspotential">Gravitationspotential</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -G\,m\,M{\tfrac {1}{r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>m</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -G\,m\,M{\tfrac {1}{r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9827c6ec3890b9c904ecb950a025edc3bd6c86eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.55ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -G\,m\,M{\tfrac {1}{r}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist in allen Richtungen gleich.</li></ul>
<p>Die Symmetrien, die zur Erhaltung der <a href="Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung">elektrischen Ladung</a> und anderer Ladungen von <a href="Elementarteilchen" title="Elementarteilchen">Elementarteilchen</a> gehören, betreffen <a href="Wellenfunktion" title="Wellenfunktion">Wellenfunktionen</a> von <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a>, <a href="Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik)">Quarks</a> und <a href="Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrinos</a>. Jede solche Ladung ist ein <a href="Lorentzinvarianz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentzinvarianz">lorentzinvarianter</a> <a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">Skalar</a>, das heißt, sie hat in allen <a href="Bezugssystem" title="Bezugssystem">Bezugssystemen</a> denselben Wert, anders als beispielsweise der Drehimpuls, die Energie oder der Impuls.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematische_Formulierung">Mathematische Formulierung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wirkung">Wirkung</h3></div>
<p>Der im Noether-Theorem formulierte Zusammenhang von Symmetrien und Erhaltungsgrößen gilt für solche physikalischen Systeme, deren Bewegungs- oder Feldgleichungen aus einem <a href="Variationsrechnung" title="Variationsrechnung">Variationsprinzip</a> abgeleitet werden können. Man verlangt hierbei, dass das sogenannte <i>Wirkungsfunktional</i> einen Extremwert annimmt (siehe auch <a href="Hamiltonsches_Prinzip" title="Hamiltonsches Prinzip">Prinzip der kleinsten Wirkung</a>).
</p><p>Bei der Bewegung von Massepunkten ist dieses <a href="Wirkung_(Physik)" title="Wirkung (Physik)">Wirkungs</a>funktional <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> durch eine <a href="Lagrangefunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangefunktion">Lagrangefunktion</a> der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>, des Ortes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}={\tfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}={\tfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f072de0cfbbfcef7f534ff49c6c5852c26b709c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:7.118ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}={\tfrac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(t,x(t),{\dot {x}}(t))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(t,x(t),{\dot {x}}(t))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88780bf27d4d3e080585852e3dbb782958d42468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.278ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(t,x(t),{\dot {x}}(t))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>charakterisiert und ordnet jeder differenzierbaren Bahnkurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\colon t\mapsto x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\colon t\mapsto x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf8defe946b35dc56d55710266c57a6fc479214c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.796ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\colon t\mapsto x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> das Zeitintegral
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S[x]=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(t),{\dot {x}}(t)\right)\,\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S[x]=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(t),{\dot {x}}(t)\right)\,\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/742cffcdc58a975a3f70ceb0ffe3e471630b5878.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:27.575ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S[x]=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(t),{\dot {x}}(t)\right)\,\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zu. Beispielsweise ist in Newtonscher Physik die Lagrangefunktion eines Teilchens im Potential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aed80a2011a3912b028ba32a52dfa57165455f24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi }" loading="lazy"></span> die Differenz von kinetischer Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\tfrac {m}{2}}v^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>m</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\tfrac {m}{2}}v^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3593a1b943d35b5800e77acf97385abd705f5a95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:9.195ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\tfrac {m}{2}}v^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und potentieller Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=\Phi q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=\Phi q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f87de9ad5e91e3ff77a9538a72f7578dd656f7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.633ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=\Phi q}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(t,x(t),{\dot {x}}(t))={\frac {1}{2}}\,m\,{\dot {x}}^{2}(t)-V(x(t))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>m</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(t,x(t),{\dot {x}}(t))={\frac {1}{2}}\,m\,{\dot {x}}^{2}(t)-V(x(t))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d362b71f8be397d1b07add4c31300d903b82679c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:37.638ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(t,x(t),{\dot {x}}(t))={\frac {1}{2}}\,m\,{\dot {x}}^{2}(t)-V(x(t))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die physikalisch tatsächlich durchlaufene Bahn, die zur Anfangszeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb0768c0bd659f2f84fb5ef9f4b74f336123d915.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch den Startpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}=x(t_{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}=x(t_{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d8da72841c281c675996a35d001d42d23acd651.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.515ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}=x(t_{1})}" loading="lazy"></span> und zur Endzeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/749fee708b41e7079eabd50d61c8bf3e965db16f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch den Endpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{2}=x(t_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{2}=x(t_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e12a6bf583bb9a5fe5e3ee2aad2cc919cae6bf97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.515ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{2}=x(t_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> geht, macht den Wert der Wirkung im Vergleich mit allen anderen (differenzierbaren) Bahnen, die durch denselben Start- bzw. Endpunkt gehen, stationär (oder <a href="Extremwert#Mehrdimensionaler_Fall" title="Extremwert">extremal</a>). Die physikalisch tatsächlich durchlaufene Bahn erfüllt daher die Bewegungsgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial {\dot {x}}}}{\mathcal {L}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial {\dot {x}}}}{\mathcal {L}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e61b29ef6168d43fd4b2d2e632e0c7b51815ee34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.242ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial {\dot {x}}}}{\mathcal {L}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>(Herleitung siehe <a href="Variationsrechnung#Euler-Lagrange-Gleichung;_Variationsableitung;_weitere_notwendige_bzw._hinreichende_Bedingungen" title="Variationsrechnung">Variationsrechnung</a>). Dies entspricht gerade der Newtonschen Bewegungsgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial x}}(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial x}}(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f59dae9795313a5dd93b24d55c77f62013270f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.357ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial x}}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Differentialgleichungen, die sich derart aus einem Wirkungsfunktional durch Variation ableiten lassen, nennt man <i>variationell selbstadjungiert.</i> Alle elementaren Feld- und Bewegungsgleichungen der Physik sind variationell selbstadjungiert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symmetrie">Symmetrie</h3></div>
<p>Man sagt, dass eine Differentialgleichung eine <i>Symmetrie</i> besitzt, wenn es eine Transformation des Raumes der Kurven gibt, die die Lösungen der Differentialgleichungen auf Lösungen abbildet. Für variationell selbstadjungierte Differentialgleichungen erhält man eine solche Transformation, wenn die Transformation das Wirkungsfunktional bis auf Randterme invariant lässt. Das Noether-Theorem besagt, dass die Invarianz des Wirkungsfunktionals gegenüber einer einparametrigen stetigen Transformationsgruppe die Existenz einer Erhaltungsgröße zur Folge hat und dass umgekehrt jede Erhaltungsgröße die Existenz einer (mindestens infinitesimalen) Symmetrie der Wirkung zur Folge hat.
</p><p>Wir beschränken uns hier auf Symmetrien in der <a href="Klassische_Mechanik" title="Klassische Mechanik">klassischen Mechanik</a>.
</p><p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efc6ec320b47756e27cc0665162300cc34c98db8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.681ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine einparametrige, differenzierbare Gruppe von Transformationen, die (genügend differenzierbare) Kurven <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma \colon t\mapsto x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma \colon t\mapsto x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fbdafa986063328e86741db79b36ab9df7eaece.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.919ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma \colon t\mapsto x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> auf Kurven <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{s}\colon t\mapsto x(s,t,\Gamma )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{s}\colon t\mapsto x(s,t,\Gamma )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17f9c91f02016af9c4b5529c91d1a8ce032bc19d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.533ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{s}\colon t\mapsto x(s,t,\Gamma )}" loading="lazy"></span> abbildet, und gehöre der Parameterwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7903b8069a44c70f6f96511675bdd9a4ff200ed7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.351ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=0}" loading="lazy"></span> zur identischen Abbildung, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{0}\Gamma \colon t\mapsto x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{0}\Gamma \colon t\mapsto x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6decfae4823e5ffaa685ac645a18b1daf06f21b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.651ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{0}\Gamma \colon t\mapsto x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Beispielsweise bildet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}\Gamma =\Gamma _{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}\Gamma =\Gamma _{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f5c3d859454784f2553d13164935517dd299bb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.689ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}\Gamma =\Gamma _{s}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{s}\colon t\mapsto x(t+s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{s}\colon t\mapsto x(t+s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8961b3edbc080dd08e11ba2ffa1ddf2d4570f60d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.853ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{s}\colon t\mapsto x(t+s)}" loading="lazy"></span> jede Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> auf die um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> früher durchlaufene Kurve ab. Die Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}\Gamma =\Gamma _{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}\Gamma =\Gamma _{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f5c3d859454784f2553d13164935517dd299bb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.689ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}\Gamma =\Gamma _{s}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{s}\colon t\mapsto x(t)+s\,c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{s}\colon t\mapsto x(t)+s\,c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bf4795b808515809dd43c174227d46a7897ec4c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.247ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{s}\colon t\mapsto x(t)+s\,c}" loading="lazy"></span> verschiebt jede Kurve um eine Konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s\,c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s\,c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e525f0a4f0f38243b98b1da1890cb188ce139ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.484ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s\,c}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Transformationen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efc6ec320b47756e27cc0665162300cc34c98db8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.681ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}}" loading="lazy"></span> heißen lokal, wenn sich die Ableitung bei der identischen Abbildung ausgewertet auf der Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }" loading="lazy"></span>, schreiben lässt als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta x\left(t,x(t),{\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)={\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}x(s,t,\Gamma )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta x\left(t,x(t),{\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)={\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}x(s,t,\Gamma )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/acc47933b4fe753ae91ddec43dac003dab66103a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:34.649ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta x\left(t,x(t),{\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)={\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}x(s,t,\Gamma )}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Identische Abbildung bedeutet dabei, dass die infinitesimale Transformation
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}x(s,t,\Gamma )\ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}x(s,t,\Gamma )\ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af84624bc98b7e43443f19350b448e6926c6491c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:16.247ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}x(s,t,\Gamma )\ ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für alle Kurven <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> als Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta x(t,x,v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta x(t,x,v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/925a81fb32a6d263f152156fbadedf51516ec730.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.552ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta x(t,x,v)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Zeit, des Ortes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> gebildet wird.
</p><p>Beispielsweise sind die Verschiebungen von Zeit und Ort lokal und gehören zur infinitesimalen Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta x=v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta x=v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/baefab6e7c92e4eaf2d33c7e30c9b11cd5eeb581.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.604ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta x=v}" loading="lazy"></span> beziehungsweise zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta x=c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta x=c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bffda0f82a29957f4ebc659c4d1322576f944dea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.484ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta x=c}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Sei nun <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58153b20d7aeb8e5afc9c9b4edd1dc559d085358.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.778ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Lagrangefunktion des mechanischen Systems. Dann heißen die lokalen Transformationen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efc6ec320b47756e27cc0665162300cc34c98db8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.681ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{s}}" loading="lazy"></span> Symmetrien der Wirkung, wenn sich für alle Kurven <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> die Lagrangefunktion bei infinitesimalen Transformationen nur um die Zeitableitung einer Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K(t,x,v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K(t,x,v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb0a580593543c76138bfa729a58682f03d58ab7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.24ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K(t,x,v)}" loading="lazy"></span>, ausgewertet auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }" loading="lazy"></span>, ändert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t)\right)={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}K\left(t,x(t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(t)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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</mfrac>
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<mi>K</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t)\right)={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}K\left(t,x(t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(t)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afb5e03b8d51afb2ab1878a387f31930f948f497.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:54.069ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t)\right)={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}K\left(t,x(t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(t)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Denn dann ändert sich die Wirkung nur um Randterme
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}S[\Gamma _{s}]_{|_{s=0}}&=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\mathrm {d} t\,{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t)\right)\\&=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\mathrm {d} t\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}K\left(t,x(t)\right)=K\left(t_{2},x(t_{2})\right)-K\left(t_{1},x(t_{1})\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
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<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mrow>
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<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
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<mi>K</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}S[\Gamma _{s}]_{|_{s=0}}&=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\mathrm {d} t\,{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t)\right)\\&=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\mathrm {d} t\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}K\left(t,x(t)\right)=K\left(t_{2},x(t_{2})\right)-K\left(t_{1},x(t_{1})\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dbaf9263ce9942cace74151b1bf09548fe8b6c6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.005ex; width:64.272ex; height:19.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}S[\Gamma _{s}]_{|_{s=0}}&=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\mathrm {d} t\,{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t)\right)\\&=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\mathrm {d} t\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}K\left(t,x(t)\right)=K\left(t_{2},x(t_{2})\right)-K\left(t_{1},x(t_{1})\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Zusammenhang dieser Definition der Symmetrie der Wirkung mit der Erhaltungsgröße wird klar, wenn man die partiellen Ableitungen der Lagrangefunktion nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> ausführt, und dabei als Kurzschrift die Definition der infinitesimalen Transformation verwendet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t))&={\frac {\partial x(s,t)}{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)+{\frac {\partial ^{2}x(s,t)}{\partial s\partial t}}_{|_{s=0}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)\\&=\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} \delta x}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi>t</mi>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t))&={\frac {\partial x(s,t)}{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)+{\frac {\partial ^{2}x(s,t)}{\partial s\partial t}}_{|_{s=0}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)\\&=\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} \delta x}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a6e6ffe408cf70e399dec37258f37477d4731a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.505ex; width:82.087ex; height:12.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t))&={\frac {\partial x(s,t)}{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)+{\frac {\partial ^{2}x(s,t)}{\partial s\partial t}}_{|_{s=0}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)\\&=\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} \delta x}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}(t,x,v)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ergänzt man den ersten Term zu einem Vielfachen der <a href="Bewegungsgleichung" title="Bewegungsgleichung">Bewegungsgleichung</a> und zieht man die Ergänzung beim zweiten Term ab, entsteht
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t)\right)=\delta x\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}-{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}\right)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}\right)}">
<semantics>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t)\right)=\delta x\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}-{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}\right)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d34d76a60b1965c02ace51e2e430dfc4a970fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:71.057ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial s}}_{|_{s=0}}{\mathcal {L}}\left(t,x(s,t),{\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}(s,t)\right)=\delta x\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}-{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}\right)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die Definitionsgleichung einer infinitesimalen Symmetrie einer Wirkung lautet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta x\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}-{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}\right)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}-K\right)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi>K</mi>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta x\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}-{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}\right)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}-K\right)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e4278043c188a48d5eb468bae6455db9edc42c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:48.017ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta x\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\mathcal {L}}-{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}\right)+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}-K\right)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Da aber das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d22318bef6d7358b79bd993321d65d7c1d3db9d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.378ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Fache der Bewegungsgleichungen auf den physikalisch durchlaufenen Bahnen verschwindet, besagt diese Gleichung, dass die Funktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}-K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}-K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0253a6bd8f8c166e3e5ace92dfe658a89af7500e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:17.107ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\delta x{\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}-K}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>die zur Symmetrie gehörige Noetherladung, sich auf den physikalisch durchlaufenen Bahnen nicht ändert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}Q\left(t,x_{\mathrm {phys} }(t),{\frac {\mathrm {d} x_{\mathrm {phys} }(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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</mrow>
<mi>Q</mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mfrac>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}Q\left(t,x_{\mathrm {phys} }(t),{\frac {\mathrm {d} x_{\mathrm {phys} }(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c1cb9df9f5c2a5369ad35fee691e34b2052c6f5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:33.021ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}Q\left(t,x_{\mathrm {phys} }(t),{\frac {\mathrm {d} x_{\mathrm {phys} }(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Umgekehrt ist jede Erhaltungsgröße definitionsgemäß eine Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q(t,x,v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q(t,x,v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef58258f9f02e12f5461f5181224e32775e362d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.012ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q(t,x,v)}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Zeitableitung auf physikalischen Bahnen verschwindet, also ein Vielfaches (von Ableitungen) der Bewegungsgleichungen ist. Dieses Vielfache definiert die infinitesimale Symmetrie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d22318bef6d7358b79bd993321d65d7c1d3db9d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.378ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta x}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h3></div>
<ul><li>Symmetrien der Bewegungsgleichungen sind nicht immer Symmetrien der Wirkung. Beispielsweise ist die Streckung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)\mapsto \mathrm {e} ^{s}x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)\mapsto \mathrm {e} ^{s}x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/501203ea94c5dcbbd18669df3605cc95e45bf581.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.607ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)\mapsto \mathrm {e} ^{s}x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Symmetrie der Bewegungsgleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e21cf2545bea8ad718f117ae34f5afd27611940.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.631ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> des freien Teilchens, nicht aber eine Symmetrie seiner Wirkung mit der Lagrangefunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\,m\,v^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>m</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\,m\,v^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b62431ec5a3707fe5972321be439f4ac7324846d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:11.357ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\,m\,v^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Zu so einer Symmetrie der Bewegungsgleichungen gehört keine Erhaltungsgröße.</li>
<li>Die zu einer Symmetrie gehörige Erhaltungsgröße als Funktion der Zeit, des Ortes und der Geschwindigkeiten verschwindet genau dann, wenn es sich um eine <a href="Eichtheorie" title="Eichtheorie">Eichsymmetrie</a> handelt. In so einem Fall sind die Bewegungsgleichungen nicht unabhängig, sondern eine Bewegungsgleichung gilt als Folge der anderen. Dies besagt das zweite Noethertheorem.</li>
<li>Das Noethertheorem für translatorische und rotierende Bewegungen
<ul><li><a href="Translation_(Physik)" title="Translation (Physik)">Translatorische Bewegungen</a>: Das Noethertheorem erklärt, warum man bei Multiplikation der Newtonschen Bewegungsgleichungen mit den Geschwindigkeiten bei zeitunabhängigem Potential den <b>Energieerhaltungssatz</b> erhält: Die Geschwindigkeit ist die infinitesimale Änderung des Ortes bei zeitlicher Verschiebung.</li>
<li><a href="Rotation_(Physik)" title="Rotation (Physik)">Rotierende Bewegungen</a>: Ebenso erklärt das Noethertheorem, warum bei drehinvariantem Potential das Produkt der Bewegungsgleichungen mit dem Kreuzprodukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\times {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\times {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eda417cc7d8eef805cd93b8d313f3fcbb950a057.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.565ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\times {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die <b>Erhaltung des Drehimpulses</b> in Richtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49569db585c1b6306d5ffd91161775f67235fae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> führt: Das Kreuzprodukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\times {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\times {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eda417cc7d8eef805cd93b8d313f3fcbb950a057.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.565ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}\times {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die infinitesimale Änderung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> bei Drehung um die Achse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49569db585c1b6306d5ffd91161775f67235fae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <a href="Turbine#Grundlagen" title="Turbine">Eulersche Turbinengleichung</a> wendet die Erhaltung des Drehimpulses auf die Auslegung von rotierenden Arbeitsmaschinen (Turbinen) an.</li></ul></li>
<li>Bei Verschiebungen und Drehungen des Ortes ist die Lagrangefunktion strikt invariant, das heißt, die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> verschwindet. Das gilt aber nicht für zeitliche Verschiebung und bei Transformation auf ein gleichmäßig <a href="Galilei-Transformation" title="Galilei-Transformation">bewegtes Bezugssystem</a>. Unter zeitlichen Verschiebungen ist die Wirkung invariant, wenn die Lagrangefunktion nur vom Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span>, nicht aber von der Zeit abhängt. Dann ändert sich die Lagrangefunktion unter zeitlichen Verschiebungen um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a57ab0045ce474d197167a4724dbda1b75e7b399.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:4.41ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}K}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K={\mathcal {L}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K={\mathcal {L}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1dc4c0aa5efc11b2eaecf3b7ec498a06fe1b9d5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.768ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K={\mathcal {L}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die zugehörige Erhaltungsgröße ist definitionsgemäß die Energie</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=v{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial v}}-{\mathcal {L}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=v{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial v}}-{\mathcal {L}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/44d90e922f68c8fe73e6fa0c1054ab39ffe0b1cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.204ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=v{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial v}}-{\mathcal {L}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Ist bekannt, wie die Energie von der Geschwindigkeit abhängt, so legt diese Gleichung die Lagrangefunktion bis auf einen Anteil fest, der linear in den Geschwindigkeiten ist und nicht zur Energie beiträgt. Denn zerlegt man die Lagrangefunktion beispielsweise in Anteile <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88acc0724907358ad4fd0773b5c3985eee6147ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.168ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die homogen vom Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> in der Geschwindigkeit sind, dann tragen sie mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v{\tfrac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}-{\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}=(n-1){\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v{\tfrac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}-{\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}=(n-1){\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df192c208deb86e1f2906065248a5551a4baf053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:32.344ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v{\tfrac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}-{\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}=(n-1){\mathcal {L}}_{n}v^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Energie bei. Ist also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle E=\sum _{n}E_{n}(x)v^{n}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle E=\sum _{n}E_{n}(x)v^{n}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75c0472ce09e7b08893d9c7817a280be5d1dbb30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.739ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle E=\sum _{n}E_{n}(x)v^{n}\,}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist die Lagrangefunktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=\sum _{n}{\frac {1}{n-1}}E_{n}v^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=\sum _{n}{\frac {1}{n-1}}E_{n}v^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff2685c8c4a5c8c015595b5ac6ba9ebf27d7f241.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.958ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=\sum _{n}{\frac {1}{n-1}}E_{n}v^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Insbesondere besteht in Newtonscher Physik die Energie aus der kinetischen Energie, die quadratisch in der Geschwindigkeit ist, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a02c8bd752d2cc859747ca1f3a508281bdbc3b34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=2}" loading="lazy"></span>, und der geschwindigkeitsunabhängigen potentiellen Energie, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26819344e55f5e671c76c07c18eb4291fcec85ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Daher ist die Lagrangefunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2-1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2-1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/018884d7fc6892cebf3558efc3290b2049f9b527.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:3.759ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2-1}}}" loading="lazy"></span>-mal die kinetische Energie plus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{0-1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{0-1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/720d7d15ef27c71515bd0d88d70b06822f391948.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:3.759ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{0-1}}}" loading="lazy"></span>-mal potentielle Energie. In der relativistischen Physik gilt in <a href="Ma%C3%9Fsystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Maßsystem">Maßsystemen</a> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e3467f9e219a5ea38a30da5c3a02c2c23f61a79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.268ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=1}" loading="lazy"></span> für die Lagrangefunktion und die Energie eines freien Teilchens der Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=-m{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=-m{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/597e3e1a06c199ed47280e8b2388d736c7ce11b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.059ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=-m{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {m}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>m</mi>
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {m}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ee65f7d34ff01d9169f9dacd55ff9245499f781.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:14.219ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {m}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Impulsabbildung" title="Impulsabbildung">Impulsabbildung</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene J. Saletan und Alan H. Cromer: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Theoretical Mechanics</cite>. John Wiley & Sons, 1971, ISBN 0-471-74986-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>83–86</span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Noether-Theorem&rft.au=Eugene+J.+Saletan+und+Alan+H.+Cromer&rft.btitle=Theoretical+Mechanics&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0471749869&rft.pages=83-86&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>E. Noether: <i>Invarianten beliebiger Differentialausdrücke.</i> In: <i>Gött. Nachr.</i> 1918, S. 37–44. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?q=an:46.0675.01&format=complete">Zusammenfassung im Zentralblatt MATH.</a></i></li>
<li>E. Noether: <i><a href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Invariante_Variationsprobleme" class="extiw external" title="s:Invariante Variationsprobleme">Invariante Variationsprobleme</a>.</i> In: <i>Gött. Nachr.</i> 1918, S. 235–257. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?q=an:46.0770.01&format=complete">Zusammenfassung im Zentralblatt MATH.</a></i></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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